卖出租房:1031 交换的时间线和 escrow 要做什么
简单回答: 卖出投资或经营用途的房地产,在规定期限内买入同类房地产,可以用 1031 交换把资本利得税往后推。两个期限最要紧:卖出后 45 天内书面确定候选的新物业,180 天内完成购买。卖房款必须交给合格中介(qualified intermediary,简称 QI)保管,卖方自己一碰到钱,交换就不成立。自住房不适用 1031。
哪些房子可以做
- 出租房、商业物业、持有用来投资的土地,都属于"投资或经营用途"的房地产,彼此之间可以交换。
- 自住房、主要用来翻新转卖的房子不适用。
- 卖出和买入要用同一个纳税人的名义,比如卖的时候是您个人,买的时候也要是您个人;用 LLC 持有的,通常要由同一个 LLC 买入。
两个期限
- 45 天: 从卖出旧物业过户那天算起,45 天内要把候选的新物业书面交给 QI。
- 180 天: 同样从卖出那天算起,180 天内要完成购买;如果当年的报税截止日更早,又没有申请延期,以报税截止日为准。
这两个期限一般不能延长,周末和节假日也算在里面。很多人卖房之前就开始看新物业,就是因为 45 天很快过去。
Escrow 在交换里做什么
- 卖出那边: 在 escrow 指示里加入把合同权益转让给 QI 的文件,过户时卖房款直接电汇给 QI,不经过卖方。
- 买入那边: QI 按您的指示把钱电汇进买方 escrow,新物业以您的名义录契。
- 两边的时间表我们会对照 45 天和 180 天排好,提醒您和 QI 各个节点。
选 QI 时可以问清楚对方的保证金或保险、资金存放在哪里。加州法律对 1031 中介有保证金等要求。
几个容易忽略的地方
- 现金或贷款减少(boot): 换回来的现金,或者新物业贷款比旧物业少的部分,可能要交税。
- 折旧回收: 递延的税里包括出租期间的折旧部分,以后最终卖出时还要处理。
- 换到外州: 用加州的房子换外州的房子,之后每年要向加州税务局(FTB)报 Form 3840;将来卖掉外州物业时,加州仍会对当初递延的那部分收税。
1031 交换牵涉税务,金额也大,请在卖房签约前先和会计师、QI 一起规划。Vantage 可以配合您选定的 QI 安排卖出和买入两边的 escrow,收费按交易报价。致电 (714) 470-0170 或加微信 jly54301。
常见问题
不可以。卖房款必须直接交给合格中介(QI)保管,卖方收到或能支配这笔钱,交换就不成立。
一般不行,周末和节假日也算在内。只有联邦宣布灾区等少数情况可能延长。
不可以。1031 只适用于投资或经营用途的房地产。卖自住房可以看联邦的自住房资本利得免税额度(单身 25 万、夫妻 50 万)。
Selling a Rental Property: 1031 Exchange Deadlines and the Role of Escrow
Short answer: A 1031 exchange lets you defer capital gains tax when you sell real property held for investment or business and buy like-kind property within strict deadlines: identify replacement property in writing within 45 days of the sale, and close on it within 180 days. Sale proceeds must go to a qualified intermediary (QI); if you touch the money, the exchange fails. Primary residences do not qualify.
What qualifies
Rentals, commercial property and land held for investment can be exchanged for one another. Your home and fix-and-flip properties cannot. The same taxpayer must sell and buy (the same individual, or generally the same LLC).
The two deadlines
Both run from the day the relinquished property closes: 45 days to identify in writing to the QI, and 180 days to close (or your tax return due date, if earlier and not extended). They generally cannot be extended.
What escrow does
On the sale, escrow includes the assignment to the QI and wires proceeds directly to the QI. On the purchase, the QI wires funds into the buyer''s escrow and the new property is recorded in your name. We build one timeline around both deadlines.
Watch out for
Cash or debt reduction (boot) may be taxable. Depreciation recapture is deferred, not erased. If you exchange California property for out-of-state property, you must file FTB Form 3840 with California every year, and California will tax the deferred gain when you eventually sell.
Plan with your accountant and QI before you sign the sale contract. Call (714) 470-0170 or WeChat jly54301.
FAQ
No. The proceeds must go directly to the qualified intermediary. If you receive or control the money, the exchange fails.
Generally no, and weekends and holidays count. Limited exceptions apply, such as federally declared disasters.
No. 1031 applies only to investment or business property. A primary residence may qualify for the separate $250,000 / $500,000 home sale exclusion.